Press Restrictions During the Emergency (1975)
On 28 June 1975, during the Emergency, the government imposed strict restrictions on the press. Just two days after the Emergency was declared on 25 June 1975, the government put a guard on all political movements. Also, it was made mandatory for the press to take the government’s permission before publishing any news. Many journalists were jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. At the same time, some newspaper owners were even asked to leave the country. According to many reports, during the Emergency, declarations of 3801 newspapers were confiscated. 327 journalists were arrested under MISA and advertisements of 290 newspapers were stopped. News correspondents of The Times and The Guardian newspapers were asked to leave India. Telexes and telephones of other agencies including Reuters were cut off. It is said that since independence, the right to freedom of speech and expression, the main right of citizens in independent India, was hit in this way.e.
During the Emergency on 28 June 1975, the government imposed severe restrictions on the press
– All political movements were put under government surveillance
– Many journalists were imprisoned under the MISA Act
On June 28, 1999, Captain Neikezhakuo Kenguruse, known as “Nimbu Sahab,” was martyred during the Kargil War. Despite joining the army just four months earlier, he was swiftly called to the battlefield and led the elite Ghatak Platoon. Tasked with capturing Lone Hill in the Drass sector, Captain Kenguruse faced extreme height and freezing temperatures. Demonstrating extraordinary bravery, he removed his slipping shoes and socks to continue barefoot in -10°C conditions. At 6,000 feet, he used a rocket launcher to destroy seven Pakistani bunkers and neutralized two more enemy soldiers before being fatally wounded. His actions enabled his platoon to secure the post. For his heroism, Captain Kenguruse was posthumously awarded the Mahavir Chakra, and thousands honored him in his final journey.
On this day Captain Nikezakuo Kenguruse was martyred
– He sacrificed his life while fighting the Pakistanis during the Kargil war
– Naga soldier Captain Nikezakuo Kenguruse defeated the Pakistan Army barefoot
### Major Padmapani Acharya: A Hero of the Kargil War
On June 28, 1999, Major Padmapani Acharya was martyred during the Kargil War. A graduate of the Officers Training Academy in Madras (1993), he served as a Second Lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion of the Rajputana Rifles. As a company commander, Major Acharya was tasked with liberating a strategic post occupied by the enemy, who were heavily armed and had laid mines. Despite sustaining multiple bullet wounds, Major Acharya led his troops with unwavering courage, pushing forward under intense fire. He successfully captured the post, driving away the enemy before succumbing to his injuries. For his extraordinary bravery, Major Acharya was posthumously awarded the Mahavir Chakra.
On June 28, 1999, Major Padmapani Acharya was martyred during the Kargil War
– He was posted as Second Lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion of Rajputana Rifles
– Major was awarded the Mahavir Chakra posthumously for his valor
### Early Bird: The First Commercial Communication Satellite
On June 28, 1965, the first telephone call was made via satellite, using NASA’s Early Bird. Launched on April 6, 1965, from Cape Kennedy, Florida, Early Bird was the world’s first commercial communication satellite. Built by Hughes Aircraft Company for the Communication Satellite Corporation, it weighed about 85 pounds and was placed in a synchronous orbit 22,300 miles above Earth. Early Bird provided communication services between North America and Europe, capable of connecting 240 telephones simultaneously. Initially designed to operate for 18 months, it continued to function for over two years. In 1990, to mark its 25th anniversary, the satellite was briefly reactivated. Later renamed Intelsat-1, it is now inactive.
On June 28, 1965, the first telephone call was made from a satellite
– The satellite was named ‘Early Bird’
– ‘Early Bird’ was built for the Communication Satellite Corporation
– ‘Early Bird’ was the world’s first commercial communication satellite
### First Monkey Liver Transplant into a Human
On June 28, 1992, a pioneering medical procedure took place: the first transplant of a monkey’s liver into a human. An American man, suffering from severe liver issues, Hepatitis B, and AIDS, faced internal bleeding and urgently needed a transplant. However, his complex medical condition deterred most doctors from performing the surgery. After searching for years, Dr. Thomas Stargel and Dr. John Fung, renowned organ transplant specialists, agreed to conduct the procedure. They decided to use the liver of a 15-year-old baboon from the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education in Texas, as it was believed that the HIV virus did not affect monkey livers. The baboon and the patient had matching blood types. Initially, the transplant seemed successful, with the patient doing well for about a month. Unfortunately, complications arose, and 70 days post-operation, the patient succumbed to a brain hemorrhage.
On June 28, 1992, for the first time, a baboon’s liver was transplanted into a human body
– The American man and the baboon had the same blood group
– The American citizen died of brain hemorrhage 70 days after the transplant
### Queen Victoria: A Monarch’s Legacy
Queen Victoria was crowned on June 28, 1838, at the age of 18. Born on May 24, 1819, at Kensington Palace in London, she was the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III. Before she turned one, her father died of pneumonia, and upon the death of King George, Victoria ascended the throne, as she was Edward’s only child. Victoria ruled the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901, a period known as the Victorian era. During her reign, she governed a quarter of the world and, in 1876, was declared the Empress of India by the British Parliament, a title she held until her death in 1901. Her passing marked the end of the Victorian era, concluding a remarkable 64-year reign.
Queen Victoria was crowned on June 28, 1838
She was born on May 24, 1819 at Kensington Palace in London
– She ruled the British Empire for 64 years
### The Treaty of Versailles: A Turning Point in History
On June 28, 1919, Germany, defeated in the First World War, signed the Treaty of Versailles under pressure from the victorious Allies. This extensive treaty, spanning 200 pages and comprising 439 sections divided into 15 parts, imposed severe restrictions on Germany. The treaty marked the official end of World War I and enforced several conditions on Germany, including prohibitions on territorial expansion, limitations on the size of its military, and substantial reparations payments to the Allied countries. Additionally, Germany’s colonies were confiscated, and significant portions of its land were ceded to other nations. German investments in its former colonies were also seized. The Treaty of Versailles was widely regarded as a punitive measure forced upon Germany. The harsh terms and perceived humiliation contributed to widespread resentment, which Adolf Hitler later exploited in his rise to power.
On June 28, 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles
– The treaty was written in 200 pages which were divided into 15 parts
– The First World War ended as soon as Germany signed this treaty
– Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to accept many conditions
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